حل شيت الباثولوجى

1. How can you select a tube for specimen collection?

• Laboratory vaccutainer tubes with color coded caps are available e.g. (red,
  green, and orange...each color clues to type of tube.
  
• Gray colored cap has florid and oxalate, tissue used for whole blood
  collection for glucose assay.
  
• Green colored cap tubes has heparin and used for plasma.
  
• R...ed
  cap tube or red/black for serum sample.
  
• Blue caped tube citrate anticoagulants for plasma.
  

2. What are the differences between central lab. Testing and POCT?

• POCT differs from central laboratory tests.
  
• Turn around time is rapid, no sample processing. ready to use reagents
  .simple analyzers and simplidty
  

in sample identification.
3. Mention five possible causes of sampling error?

• Wrong time e.g. ESR and lipid profile is non fasting patient.
  
• Wrong use of anticoagulants e.g. EDTA blood sample.
  
• Wrong delay sample after withdrawal e.g. ABG sample.
  
• Wrong sample for requested investigation.
  
• Mislabeling of the sample from patient to another during sample
  process.
  

4. Mention four possible causes of post analytical error?

• Wrong writing of the value of unit.
  
• Typing of patient data to another one.
  
• Transcription error for data interpretation by lazy.
  
• Forgetting the report and not use it especially in large hospitals with
  heavy work load.
  

5. How can age and sex affect lab. Result?

• Age has an affect on laboratory result (newborn ha high serum bilirubin.
  Childhood to adulthood has increasing value of some parameter towards adults’
  level e.g. lipogram. Old Age has decrease in some parameters like creatinine
  clearance and GPR.
  
• Sex >> hormones are different in male than female. Muscle mass related
  to parameters are higher in male e.g. creatinine ,iron and GGT. Combined affect
  of age and sex is considered when assessing alkaline phosphatase .
  

6. How can you read a diabetic report presented to you in OPD?

• If the report contains fasting .2hr post prandial or random blood glucose
  tests >> this is a case of diabetes mellitus.
  
• If the report contains ketone bodies and ABG.
  
• If the report contains glycosylated HB for assessing long term diabetic
  control >> this is a case of diabetes mellitus.
  

7. Which is important for screening tests, sensitivity or specificity?
If both are equally needed what parameter is used to evaluate?

• Sensitivity is important
  
• High sensitivity >> positive result >> high specific >>
  negative data.
  
• If both are equally needed efficacy should be looked for (% of correct
  data, TP and TN, among all data)
  

8. Why reference interval is sometimes confusing?

• Because sometimes normal value is present in a patient and abnormal value is
  in normal person.
  

9. Mention five of the general safety precautions that should be
followed in the laboratory?

• White coats should be used, no smoking is allowed in work area.
  
• Hand washing basins with elbow taps and disposable paper towels.
  
• Frequent hand washing with soap.
  
• Sample collection precautions.
  
• Disinfectants.
  

10. What is the difference between timed urine sample and random urine
sample?

• Timed urine sample >> sample urine that is collected in special time
  within 2hrs ,this is used in chemical analysis e.g. creatinine serum.
  
• Random urine sample >> sample of urine obtained randomly at any time
  especially in early morning while urine is concentrated.
  

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